Dr. Mohammed Mahtab Hossain Mazed 

Accountability is one of the fundamental principles of the management of a society, state and institution. This is a system where individuals, institutions or governments respond to public or higher authorities for their activities. Ensuring accountability in the modern democratic state is an essential condition of human rights protection, good governance and justice. The absence of accountability gives rise to corruption, voluntarism, discrimination and mismanagement. Effective accountability, on the other hand, plays an important role in the formation of a systematic, just and equilibrium society.

> The idea and magnitude of accountability

Accountability means to explain the rationale for the activities to the people or the authorities concerned in carrying out their duties, and to take acceptable steps by admitting the failure for wrong or failure.

It contains different levels:

* Responsibility:-Taking responsibility for the work of the niz and trying to properly observe it.

* Explanation:- Answering others' questions about job results and presenting arguments in favor of the job if needed.

* Transparency:- Providing transparent ideas about the process of work and decision making.

* Righteousness:-Maintaining fairness and equality in the field of work and avoiding any kind of prejudice.

* Acknowledging the results:- To accept responsibility for the good or bad results of the job and to learn from it.

* Administrative Accountability: Maintain transparency and morality in public service of government officials.

* Political Accountability: The public representatives are responsible for the aspirations of the people.

* Justice accountability: To ensure transparency and neutrality of the judiciary.

* Institutional Accountability: Oblory of proper management and duties of private organizations or organizations.

> The importance of accountability

Accountability is the basis of the development and progress of a society. The importance of this is:

* Reduction of corruption:-Where accountability is effective, corruption opportunities are reduced. If there is an obligation to account for every job, no one can abuse their power.

* Establishment of good governance:-Jabbadihita is the main pillar of good governance. If the government or administration is accountable, the rights of the citizens are protected and the development activities are conducted transparently.

* Strengthening of democracy:-The basis of democracy is the rule of the people. Accountability strengthens this governance system and increases the participation of the people.

* Improvement of public service:-Where there is accountability, the quality of public and private services is good, because service organizations are responsible to the people.

* Human Rights Protection:-If there is a disobedience, human rights violations are reduced and the culture of irresponsibility is abolished.

> Impact of accountability

Accountability has a positive impact on various areas of society and the state. Let's explain it in detail.

 > Impact on the administrative system

Accountability is essential for the administration of any state to be effective. If this is confirmed:

* Government officials are responsible. * File increases work speed. * Citizens' services are available. * Budget waste is prevented.

> Impact on political stability

When accountable political culture develops: * People trust the government.

* Political unrest and chaos are reduced.

* The elected public representatives are respectful of the will of the people.

 > Impact on economic progress

The responsible administration and transparent business environment create an investment environment. It:- * Domestic and foreign investment increases. * Economic activities get speed. * Poverty alleviation is easy.

> Impact on social justice

Social inequality is reduced when accountability is confirmed. Women, children, minorities and disadvantaged people get the right rights.

 > Impact on the judicial system

Transparency of the judiciary is essential to ensure justice. Accountability makes the judicial system a symbol of acceptable and confidence to the people.

> The spread of accountability

Effective policies, culture and structural systems are needed to ensure the spread of accountability in a state or society. The way to spread is:- * To strengthen the constitution and legal structure. * If the right of free media and information is implemented by independent journalism and information rights law, the people can be aware of the activities of the government. * The introduction of civil society and NGOs

Civil society is important in spreading accountability. Various social organizations make the people aware and monitor the activities of the government.

> The use of digital technology

E-governance, online complaint system, open data portal, etc. are helpful in the spread of technology accountability.

 > Increase in education and awareness

Citizens' responsibilities can be developed through education and they are aware of their rights and the responsibility of the government.

> Challenge of accountability

Although accountability is very important, it also has some challenges in the way.Such as: _ * Political intervention * Weak -institutions * Culture of Incre if you are the tendency to conceal information * Lack of public awareness * In Bangladesh context * In many cases, accountability is not effective in many cases.

* Corruption in administration is a major challenge. * Partitions and political influences exist in various fields. * Many times people's complaints are not settled.

However, some positive initiatives have been taken in recent times: - * Information Rights Act * Anti -Corruption Commission activities * Digital Bangladesh initiative * E -service * Various steps to protect the independence of the judiciary.

1. Political

2. Corruption

3. To protect the freedom of the media

3. Education

3. To ensure administrative transparency in the use of technology

Finally, accountability is not just a political or administrative condition; This is the moral basis of a society. When the culture of accountability is created, transparency, justice and good governance are established at every level of the state. Therefore, accountability should be ensured at individuals, society and state level. The spread of accountability will move the society forward to a just, advanced and prosperous future.

The writer is organizer, columnist founder and chairman, Jatiya rogi Kalyan Society. He can be reached at email drmazed96@gmail.com